Governor of California

Based on the case, as governor of California, what types of power is Schwarzenegger likely to have? What types of influence tactics does Schwarzenegger appear to use? By Tuyen-Vu Comprehensive cases Schwarzenegger began weight training at the age of 15. He won the Mr. Universe title at age 20 and went on to win the Mr. Olympia contest seven times. Schwarzenegger has remained a prominent presence in bodybuilding and has written many books and articles on the sport. Schwarzenegger gained worldwide fame as a Hollywood action film icon. Case 1: Arnold Schwarzenegger: Leader of California? 1 .What words would you use to describe Arnold Schwarzenegger's personality? Do any of these fit into the Big Five taxonomy of personality? How might these personality traits influence Arnold Schwarzenegger's leadership skills? How might these traits have help Schwarzenegger get to where he is now? Schwarzenegger's characteristics will describe as: Internal: He bears his father bad treatments. â€Å"My hair was pulled. I was hit with belts. So was the kid next door. It was Just the way it was. Many of the children I've seen were broken by their parents, which was the German-Austrian mentality. They didn't want to create an individual.It was all about conforming. I was one who did not conform, and whose will could not be broken. Therefore, I became a rebel. Every time I got hit, and every time someone said, ‘you can't do this,' I said, ‘this is not going to be for much longer, because I'm going to move out of here. I want to be rich. I want to be somebody. ‘†[ He is affected by his family. They make he with strong expressive by his parents were very strict to take out his mind to be more and more rich. That is the first step to him contributed his dream at that moment. External: He is considered cheerful, good-humored and exuberant at school.He based on outside environment, his ability and favorite (interested in sport, especially in bodybuilder), to set a short goal – to be the Mr Universe in Europe. That already prepares for the long time goal – â€Å"The Mr. Universe title was my ticket to America – the land of opportunity, where I could become a star and get rich. † (Source: http:// en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger) Forward to his goal and try his best to get the best practice that leads to the good result, achieve the prize (second in the Mr. Universe competition, not having the muscle definition of American winner Chester Yorkton).Schwarzenegger know how to integrate all things as goal setting, leadership, power and influence, and personality to catch the success. He sets the clear and specific objectives with step by step: Win the Bodybuilder prize 0 come in US to be an famous actor0 be an governor in US government machine. Schwarzenegger likely to have? What types of influence tactics does Schwarzenegger appear to use? 3. How would you describe Schwarzenegger's leadership style using th e leadership theories covered in this textbook? What details of the case lead you to these conclusions? Is Schwarzenegger's leadership style likely to be effective?Why or why not? 4. Applying concepts from goal-setting theory, explain how goal have influenced Schwarzenegger's progression to the governor's seat. What aspects of the case suggest that Schwarzenegger is committed to the goals that he has set for himself? 5. Are there any â€Å"dark sides† to Schwarzenegger's charisma and leadership skills? What might these be, and how might they affect his relationships with others and his ability to govern? 6. How might Schwarzenegger's personality and leadership style help or hinder his ability to effectively negotiate with other parties such as the teachers' union?

Essay Topics about Social Issues Fundamentals Explained

Essay Topics about Social Issues Fundamentals Explained Hearsay, Lies and Essay Topics about Social Issues When you look around, you are going to observe social difficulties that affect society daily. The problem is a social problem as it is widespread and affects quite a few of our communities and the individuals within them who don't fit the norm. The matter of pornography is also some social problems that may affect how folks interact with one another. Issues like homosexuality create a difference in how people react in society. Being among the worst forms of categorization in the contemporary Earth, racism has altered the social lives of individuals. Utilize whatever you know to reveal your comprehension of the Earth, and bring out good old philosophical theories. You're building a photo of a social issue, and you want to bring up every potential side of the story. When selecting your social problems topic, bear in mind that it's always much better to write about somet hing you're already more or less acquainted with. Moral argumentative essay topics are a few of the simplest to get carried away with. If you wish to compose a controversial essay, you definitely should look for the greatest social issues topics or satire topics. An argumentative essay requires you to choose a topic and have a position on it. Researching the topic will enable you to find out more about what fascinates you, and should you pick something you truly like, writing the essay will be more enjoyable. For this reason, you may select from an assortment of topics when mandated with writing an essay on social troubles. As a result, while writing an essay on social issues, you want to select a topic that's most appealing to you. Thus, it's important to read corresponding formatting guide. At times you might require some expert help with argumentative essay topics. Odds are, all you have to do is relax and locate a topic you're passionate about and, obviously, one that's debatable. Taking essay outline help isn't that much critical as finding a fantastic essay for the topic that's primary. Inspiration to make your own advertising or media argumentative essay topics isn't tricky to discover. Let's say you feel that Mexican-American relations need to be improved. Social issues transform almost every facet of society. Since you can see, several of the topics listed are new and handle the recent issues happening in the World today. New Questions About Essay Topics about Social Issues You may continue to keep your argumentative essays for your upcoming job portfolio in case they're highly graded. If you wish to receive a degree from a reliable American college or university, then you will need to ensure which you're submitting flawless and superior essays. These topics will be helpful for men and women who wish to compose essays about the subject mentioned above in the shape of a normal job. There are several persuasive essay topics to select from to finish your high school or college assignment. Social issues transcend almost every facet of the society, and thus, given the job of writing an essay on social issues, one is indirectly given the opportunity to pick from the plethora of topics within the area. Social problems aren't universal to each society and have a tendency to change rapidly. The Foolproof Essay Topics about Social Issues Strategy Young writers may try simple on-line citation generators which are ordinarily at no charge. Several of the modern day problems that have hit conventional media in addition to social media headlines incorporate a list of social justice problems that you are able to find at our essay writing services. The social issues research papers may appear easy to write in comparison with different topics, but still it demands an extremely creative strategy, a massive quantity of curiosity and capacity to think beyond the box and search data in unconventional sources. Suicide and societal media. Bullying can cause suicidal ideas and chan ges in an individual's behavior. Social problems arise due to several factors. Change them in accordance with your requirements. The use of over 250 controversial troubles.

The Drug Prohibition Of The United States Of America

The cohorts of drug prohibition argue that the benefits of the prohibition are self-evident and undeniable. The basis of this assumption argument is that without prohibition the consumption of drug would skyrocket, and therefore, lead to disastrous outcomes. However, there is no evidence on the commonly held belief. The empirical evidence that exists does not support the notion of souring drug consumption. For instance, in the Netherland and Switzerland, where marijuana is legalized, the consumption rate is lower than in the United States of America, where consumption of Marijuana is prohibited in most of the states. This study argues for the legalization of the consumption of drugs and decriminalization of possession and use of drugs in the United States of America. Drugs were legal for many years before the 1914 Harrison Act. The period of massive availability of drugs and the consumption of the same was in the 19th century (Defeis 101). For the better part of the century morphine, cocaine, and opium were legally available at drugstores as well as grocery stores without prescription (O donnell et al. 66). What is significant is that the period was not characterized by drug-paralyzed workers or drug-crazed criminals, rather it was a period marked by unprecedented economic development and productivity (Defeis 102). Whereas there were many powerful organizations that called for the prohibition or suppression of alcoholic stimulants, there were no anti-opiate organizationsShow MoreRelatedHistory, Social Factors and Economic Impac of the Prohibition of Alcohol in the United States1490 Words   |  6 Pagesand economic impact of the prohibition of alcohol in the United States. Ken Burns and Lynn Novick (2011) delve into the topic of alcohol in America in their documentary Prohibition, and this paper will discuss the events before, during, and after the prohibition of alcohol in the United States. This paper will also relate the prohibition of alcohol to the current drug policies of cocaine in the United States. Alcohol and cocaine were both prohibited in the United States in the early 1900’s. CocaineRead More Marijuana Legalization Why is it the Best Choice for America?1375 Words   |  6 PagesMarijuana Legalization Why is it the Best Choice for America? Marijuana, the most abused drug in America, has had a lot of publicity recently. Marijuana has caused multiple economic problems within the U.S. A controversial question has arisen from the increased popularity and troubles of this drug. The question is whether or not the U.S. government should legalize marijuana possession and sale in the country. Many Americans believe that the drug should be legalized for various reasons; others, howeverRead MoreEssay about Pro Legalization of Marijuana906 Words   |  4 Pagesto have smoked cannabis at some point in their lives. Prohibition of cannabis is therefore apparently ineffective at changing the habits of a population, just as prohibition of alcohol was ineffective in 1919-1933. Making otherwise law-abiding citizens fugitives does nothing more than fill the prisons and alienate the populace from their government. In fact the total cost to taxpayers of solely marijuana-related incarceration (in local, state, and federal prisons and jails ) of 15,400 people exceedsRead MoreMarijuana Legalization Why is it the Best Choice for America?1306 Words   |  6 Pagesthe most abused drug in America, has had a lot of publicity recently. Marijuana has caused multiple economic problems within the U.S. A controversial question has arisen from the increased popularity and troubles of this drug. The question is whether or not the U.S. government should legalize marijuana possession and sale in the country. Many Americans believe that the drug should be legalized for various reasons; others, however, are against the legalization of the dangerous drug. While legalizationRead MoreThe Illegal Drug Business1361 Words   |  5 PagesThe Drug Business Paper Introduction The smuggling of drugs has been a part of the society for over a century in most parts of the world. This form of business has flourished mostly in the developed countries such as the United States of America, where the demand for drugs is high while there is no or very small production in the country. The production in the countries where drugs such as cocaine, heroin, cannabis, etc are supplied is banned mostly under the respective local laws, and thereforeRead MoreA Pundit’s Solution to Fixing Drug Violence in Mexico Essay1582 Words   |  7 Pagesoversimplifications to explain the drug wars that are taking place across the boarder of Mexico and the United States. Friedman states that Mexico is falling apart because the drug war has turned the country into the â€Å"Wild West†, an area where the outlaw drug cartels run the streets instilling fear within the Mexican people. He also claims this is a result of â€Å"the success of the U.S. and Colombia[s] efforts to i nterdict drug trafficking through the Caribbean†, and that privatizing state-owned companies, namelyRead MoreHow Congress Has Influenced Our Current Ineffective Drug Policy1521 Words   |  7 Pagesnation s general drug history and look critically at how Congress has influenced our current ineffective drug policy. Through this analysis I hope to show that drug prohibition policies in the United States, for the most part, have failed. Additionally, I will highlight and evaluate the influences acting on individual legislators decisions to continue support for these ineffective policies as a more general demonstration of Congress role in the formation of our nation s drug policy strategy.Read MoreDrugs During The Civil War1421 Words   |  6 PagesDrugs first surfaced in the United States in the 1800s. After the Civil War opium become very popular and was used medicinally. Following opium was cocaine which was also used as a health remedy but near the end of the 19th century opium and cocaine abuse peaked and local governments began to prohibit opium dens and importation. In 1914 the first federal drug policy, the Harrison Narcotics act, is passed and drugs are no longer seen as harmless remedies. The act aggressively regulated the manufacturingRead MoreIs Decriminalizing Drugs A Right Move?1216 Words   |  5 PagesIs Decriminalizing Drugs A Right Move? There always seems to be debate on whether the decriminalization of drugs would be of great public interest. It is a very important and controversial issue that has many people wondering if legalizing drugs would be a right move or not. In the article, â€Å"Decriminalization Would Increase The Use and The Economic and Social Costs of Drugs† by David Mineta, Mineta argues about why drugs should not be decriminalized and how keeping illicit drugs illegal outweigh theRead MoreLaw Enforcement : The United States Essay1595 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom harming other people (Christ). This was the model that we based our western law enforcement agencies on, until prohibition became a federal task in the 1920’s. This is when the federal government decided to take up the task of protecting people from themselves. Fast forward to the 1960’s; President Richard Nixon took a step forward with prohibition by declaring a war on drugs. This perpetual war has consumed much of ou r country’s financial resources and profoundly affected our criminal justice

The Process of Aging in Up a Movie by Carl Fredricksen

Life is a chronological process filled with transitions and relationships. The purpose of this paper is to delineate an understanding of an older man’s journey through later life from a gerontology perspective and define real-life learning of an older adult as it was presented in the film â€Å"Up†. By reviewing the life events of the main character Carl Fredricksen a retired balloon salesman and how he fulfills a lifelong dream of a great adventure to South America. The animated film is a comedy adventure about a 78-year-old balloon salesman named Carl Fredricksen who reflects on his childhood dream to pursue his hero an explorer named Charles F. Muntz on a great adventure to South America. As children we experience carefree events that we memorialize throughout our life. Do we dictate our life pursuing these emotions in order to attain happiness, probably not? People live their lives with many transitions, good or bad they provide us with experiences and knowledge. The life experiences we endure provide insight and wisdom to share with others. In life we are continuously looking for fulfilling experiences such as happiness, success, love or contentment. The thing people tend to forget is that these experiences that bring happiness is a basic mood or emotion not a purpose or an endpoint. Reflection provides self-awareness by improving oneself can present a sense of purpose that provides direction to how we live our life. There are moments of re flection that focus on theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Movie Up 1367 Words   |  6 Pagesof the movie â€Å"Up† viewers are quickly exposed to a transformation of Carl Fredricksen from childhood to old age. For the duration of the movie, Carl remains a 78-year-old man, who at first appears grumpy, sad, and guilty at times, and surely missing his late wife. Carl is often shown in a scene talking to his deceased wife as if she were really there, reminiscing of memories spent together, and admiring old photographs of the two of them. Being a widow took a definite toll on Mr. Fredricksen, and he

Motivation and Control The Police Supervisor’s Dilemma Free Essays

Is there a relationship between the amounts of control desired in a police organization and the ability of police officials to create a motivating environment among rank-and-file officers? If so, how is balance arrived at between these two apparently opposite concerns in police organizations? I believe that the relationship between the control which is desired and the ability to create a motivating environment. It is not a clear cut relationship and it can cause problems within the organization and for the employees. The problem with this relationship is that while the people in charge of the organization want a specified amount of control, they cannot accomplish this without some repercussions. We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation and Control: The Police Supervisor’s Dilemma or any similar topic only for you Order Now The difficulty lies within how to gain this control without completely alienating every employee who works within the organization. The important part of the relationship is to compromise and understand that the officers have needs which must be addressed. An example of how important that these two needs are met shows in Maslow’s Needs Theory. (Stojkovic, Kalinich, and Klofas, 2003). Maslow asserts that the officers have the â€Å"need to feel safe in their environment and free from and threat of attack by aggressors. † (Stojkovic, Kalinich, and Klofas, 2003). The relevance of this to the relationship in question is with Captain Frebe’s new strategy to micromanage the officers. This also forces the hands of the sergeants’ to take the lead as the overseer’s of the micromanagement. The officers and sergeants believe that they are being attacked by an aggressive force, and therefore, their lower needs are not being met. This causes the higher needs to decrease. A balance will not be found with the current strategy that Frebe is using. It makes the officers believe that they cannot be trusted to do their jobs. While there were a number of officers who were not doing their jobs, the changes impacted those who were doing their jobs. The system is too complex. Instead of fixing the situation, it only made it worse. The employees believed that they were unable to do their jobs because they were being micromanaged. The sergeants were angry because the fact that they were being pulled away from their duties to watch the officers and write reports about the officers performance. This was a noble idea, but it was demanding an excessive solution for the situation. If Frebe had requested that the reports were written on a less frequent basis it may have been easier to deal with. For instance a compromise could have been reached if Frebe had solicited feedback before the situation became out of hand. It would have been helpful if Frebe asked the Sergeants and the officers for their input to solve this problem. How could have Captain Frebe instituted the mechanisms for officer accountability without alienating officers? What role do officers have in creating a motivating environment within police organizations? Captain Frebe‘s first mistake was to not ask for advice or for input before implementing such strict changes. The mandatory odometer readings and the quotas for tickets seemed to be an excessive change to implement. There were some officers who were not doing their jobs, but most of the officers were doing a good job. There were other methods that should have been researched before this was implemented. One method could have been the use of the reflection of their â€Å"work performance in their pay raises. With this technique the â€Å"low ratings will hit him in the wallet† (Stojkovic, Kalinich, and Klofas, 2003). Many people are motivated by money, and for those who choose not to do their job up to standard would be paid accordingly. The other option would be to use positive feedback for a job well done. The use of positive feedback can bring and officer a† personal sen se of accomplishment (Stojkovic, Kalinich, and Klofas, 2003). Officers are either going to be motivated or not motivated. â€Å"There is no such thing as motivation† (Stojkovic, Kalinich, and Klofas, 2003). A saying that comes to mind is â€Å"I can not motivate my guys, the only thing I can do is provide them the opportunities and the environment to become motivated. † While it is not only up to the officers to be motivated, they must have others around them who encourage them in their endeavors, and appreciate the hard work that they do. The main concern is that the needs are being met of the officers, and of the organization. There is a dire need of safety and security within the environment of the policing organization. With the dangerousness of the job, officers should at least have the guarantee that while they are in the station and out doing their job that they can do it in the safest manner possible. With the added stress of monitoring so many aspects such as odometer readings and quotas, it could cause any good officer to become seriously stressed out. The officers may also take part in groups such as â€Å"Quality Circle groups† (Stojkovic, Kalinich, and Klofas, 2003). These are groups which enrich the officers and their work experience. It is an organization that promotes the â€Å"well being of the workers. These are beneficial groups who meet on a regular basis with non management members to â€Å"identify, analyze, and recommend solutions to problems within the agency. † These types of groups can make the employees feel that they have a safe haven within their reach to address concerns. Is it true that you really cannot motivate persons in organizations? If this statement i s true, then is there any role for administrators and managers in the motivation of their employees? Are there unique concerns that face police supervisors that make motivation of employees difficult? If so, what are they, and how would you address them? According to the text, there is â€Å"no such thing as a motivation. † (Stojkovic, Kalinich, and Klofas, 2003). I do believe that people who are motivated are that way because they want to do their best, this is regardless of the circumstances. It would take a great deal to cause a self motivated person to become a quitter, there is room for managers and administrators within the organizations. However the managers and administrators are not there to motivate, they are there to make money, sell a product, or maintain the organization. It does not mean that they aren’t concerned with the employees but the bottom line of getting the job done seems to be the priority. There are definitely concerns within the responsibilities of a police supervisor. They are ever-changing, with time, and with the type of employees. By this I mean that the supervisors may work better with some employees than others. However, in this type of position there cannot be favoritism, you must work and deal with everyone, regardless of whether or not you cannot stand them. The trick is how you approach the situation, hence, the employee. If you remain objective and fair, by removing yourself from a personal relationship with the subordinates it will be easier to see them on an equal level. I think that the biggest issue overall is getting your employees to do what you want without firing everyone and starting over! This is a huge obstacle. I have heard many times of organizations doing what is sometimes referred to as â€Å"cleaning house. † I believe that this should be a last resort tactic. I personally like to believe that most people want to do what is right, and given the right opportunity and environment they can learn how. I personally hate micromanagers, and I would most likely never use this tactic. I figure that if I have to micromanage an employee that they are causing problems, they do not know their job, or do not care about their job. The first option would be to offer the employee more training, not more of my micromanaging services. There is always the possibility that the employee is unsure about a procedure and needs extra help. I would try several techniques before I gave up. There are many ways that a situation like this could be addressed. I would pull the employee into a meeting so that he or she could discuss the issues, and possible solutions. I would do everything on my end to make sure that I addressed all the issues. I do not believe that people should be given up on. I know that there are many other situations a person in this position could be faced with. However, my solution would be to analyze the situation, ask questions, offer help or fins assistance, and take it from there. I believe that people should be treated as people, not just another number. How to cite Motivation and Control: The Police Supervisor’s Dilemma, Papers

International Management On Hospitality of Mandarin Oriental assignmen

Question: Describe about the Critical assessment on satisfaction of customer in hotel Mandarin Oriental in Singapore? Answer: Introduction It is to be noted that the term hospitality management is both intellectually and ironically problematic. It is ironic for the fact that it the term has emerged globally, but it does not apparently confer to its meaning. It means the process of managing and providing the provision for the accommodation, food as well as other related services in both non commercial and commercial contexts as well as voluntary services (Brotherton and Wood, 2015). The term is now more used as a descriptive label for the hotel management, restaurant management etc. it can be said that the hospitality management is a energetic business and are changing as the way to include more external issues. The business has greatly been successful as well as aggressive than it was before. According to the global Council of Travel Tourism, tourism and travel accounted for nearly about $3,575 billion (10.8% of global GDP) and provided more than 200 million jobs worldwide during 1999. There was a great impact of the I ndustry due to the economic crisis in Asia around 1997, where reducing arrival of the visitor resulted in vicious price competition. Due to the globalization the competitiveness for the industry has strengthened. It has also increased the competition of the companies that are in this hospitality industry. The companies have to become large and have to incorporate innovations so as to stay aggressive in the business (Bradi, Kosar and Kalenjuk, 2015). There are many companies that are who cut on their expenditure to save money while providing customer satisfaction. It is important to note that the effect hospitality management has on the people and the society at large. Hospitality management has a number of problems that a part of the business (Enz, 2015). They are the human resources management, the problem relating to the satisfaction of the customers and whether the people are committed to the company or whether they will remain loyal to the company is a big question. Todays hospitality business are governed totally by the technology be it in the form of new machines that aid in the process of the service being delivered or the computerized mode of services. There are various challenges that are faced by the hospitality industry today. Gathering the data for the preferences of the customers so as to serve them in a better way is essential for the business (Foss and Stone, 2015). How the industry can integrate and implement new customers? This is a very common challenge faced by the companies in this sector. The use of the social media is a big way that the companies can to draw more and more customers. How the demanding needs of the customers are met? How the companies are able to generate more revenue and lower the cost? These are some of the few challenges that the companies face in the hospitality sector. With more and more companies emerging it is making the market place more competitive (Grigoroudis and Siskos, 2015). The companies need to co nstantly innovate and improve their performances so as to draw more customers as well as retain the customers. An overview of the Hotel: Mandarin Oriental Hotel was first built in the year 1963 in Hong Kong. The hotel was previously called the Mandarin. By the year the company employed 6000 employees and operated 12 hotels worldwide. The Mandarin Oriental Hotel is a brand that always looks up to the traditional values, elegance and runs on the concept of delighting the guests (2012 Sustainability Report, 2015). It needs to be seen that with the rising in the competition, the hotel needs to customize and differentiate it from the others so as to meet the customer satisfaction. The oriental charm of the hotel, along with the use of the improved technology, the good food and beverages and the Mandarin Oriental Spa, have always tried to meet the needs and the demands of the customers. There are two big ball rooms in the hotel, special boardrooms for significant meetings, 14 suites and a quantity of changeable sized purpose rooms. Furthermore, the hotel is also facilitated with Business Center accessible to its visitors. The customer feedback and the guests are vital for the success of the organization. Mandarin Oriental Hotel uses a third party company to survey the customers or the guests to find whether they are satisfied with their stay in the hotel or not through a structured questionnaire which they provide the customers after their stay via online. It is seen that the Mandarin Oriental Hotels overall satisfaction rating was 87 % in 2013 and it was consistent to the 2012s result. The hotel has an annual footfall of 35000 guests and each of the guests is evaluated to find whether they like the services provided by the Mandarin Oriental Hotel (2013 SUSTAINABILITY REPORT, 2015). Delighting the guests Mandarin Oriental has the vision that it will provide guests more than their expectations on a regular basis. The hotel is aimed at providing personalized services to the guests on a regular basis. There is an innovative method that the people of the hotel have adopted, that is they allow the staffs and the colleagues to know their guests and by doing so, the staffs can delight the customers as well as surprise them. It is good to know that the Mandarin Oriental Hotel maintains some quality measurement process so as to monitor as well improve the performances of the people in the hotel in terms of the delivery of the services. Some of the measurement standards that the company uses are Leading Quality Assurance, the Forbes Travel Guide, American Automobile Association (AAA), and the Michelin Guide. Last year Mandarin Oriental has achieved the Five Star status given by Forbes, and the restaurants were given 13 Michelin stars, which was more than any other group of hotel in the world. Customer satisfaction and its importance in the productivity of the business It is to be noted in the context of the hospitality industry and in case of Mandarin Oriental, customer satisfaction is very necessary. The increased customer satisfaction leads to a greater loyalty of the customers. It is also an important aspect that through the increased customer satisfaction, there is more chance that the companies will earn more revenues since the loyalties of the customers will remain with the hotel (Ashton and Sung, 2015). The more the customers are satisfied the more there is chance that the products and the services of the company will be more sold in the market. There is a chance that the satisfied customers will generate more customers for the company by means of reference. Once a customer is satisfied with the services of the hotel, he or she will refer the name of the hotel to others who will seek advice from him or may he may convey this by himself (Cribbin and Kennedy, 2015). There arises a question that whether it is possible that the companies may pr ovide lesser customer satisfaction and yet have a higher level of productivity? Though it can be said that the companies may generate more productivity but their customer base will gradually decrease if they do not find anything innovative or tempting in the services that the hotel provides (Holjevac, Markovi and Raspor, 2015). Service quality and loyalty of the customers The quality of the products and the services are the most important aspect in the delivery of customer satisfaction. Services of the company are becoming an important aspect not only nationally but also globally (Inc.com, 2015). The companies have to innovate the way they are providing the services, moreover they need to remain ahead of the competitors in the market. Then only the companies will survive in the fierce competition. Caruana (2002) argues that the behavior of the people is an important aspect to measure the loyalty of the customers. Behavior of the people towards a service is important for the company to identify whether the people is loyal to the companys products and services (Hospitality, Travel, and Tourism: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and ..., 2015). It is the first experience of the customers that is the most important in building a relationship with them. The more the people or the staff of the hotel associate with the customers or the guests, the more they wi ll be successful in providing better services to the people, and hence derive more customer satisfaction (MANDARIN ORIENTAL HOTEL GROUP, 2015). Not only the products and the services, but the attitudes, behaviours and the way of con duct of the employees of the hotel has also a influence on the guests and they feel secure, homely and an atmosphere they can associate with. Services of the Hotel Mandarin Oriental Mandarin Oriental Hotel has six eating and dining choices as well as a lounge and bar. Of all these, Dolce Vita, Cherry Garden, and MELT ~ The World Caf have both been acknowledged for cooking brilliance. This hotel Mandarin Oriental, Singapore has an outsized ballroom along with fourteen assembly rooms (Mandarin Oriental Annual Report, 2013). The Oriental Club The Oriental Club Lounge, situated on the crest floor of the hotel lodge, is a meant for personal use for visitors who resides in 21st and 19th floor. The entry to the lounge consists of panoramic vision of the marina, complimentary blend, and conference place. The club oriental is the biggest lounge in hotel throughout Singapore (Hotel mandarin, 2010). The Spa The Spa at the hotel consists of six management rooms, along with pair of two groups, a segment for split manicure and pedicure section, a tea loaf for free time and one-to-one conversation region and a rubdown area (Mandarinoriental.com, 2015). Bars Restaurants Dolce Vita: This is an Italian restaurant which is headed by Michelin celebrity Executive cook Marco Pedrelli. Morton's, The Steakhouse: a conventional steakhouse bought from abroad i.e. the United States Cherry Garden: This is a restaurant which serves Cantonese cuisine MELT ~ The World Caf: This is a restaurant contributing a dramatic dining understanding by method of "show kitchens" Axis Bar and Lounge: This is a cocktail lounge neglecting Marina Bay Wasabi Bistro: This is a restaurant presenting a menu which is encouraged by Japanese and Californian cooking style. Some of the guiding principles on which Mandarin Oriental works Delighting the guests- the hotel strives to deliver to the people world class services. they try to listen to the needs of the guests as well as their requirements, an d they try to respond to the needs of the customers in timely and accurate manner (Mohg.snaphire.com, 2015). They make sure that the services that they provide to their guests are according to their needs. Moreover they are committed to deliver more than the expectations of the people. Cooperation with the colleagues- the management of the Mandarin Oriental believes that the employees will be able to deliver efficiently if they are work together as a team. The employees need to have mutual respect in order to serve the guests. This will in turn lead to the overall productivity of the group rather than the growth of an individual (Mandarin Oriental Annual Report, 2013). Performance appraisal- Mandarin Oriental always tries to maintain the fairness, integrity and honesty in the business. The employees try to maintain internal as well as external relations with the guests so that they are able to live up to their expectations. Moreover the employees are rewarded if their performances are up to the expectations. They try to bring out the best from their employees so that they are able to deliver their best. The various activities that the hotel initiated to deliver customer satisfaction The Hotel of Singapore makes a thorough attempt keep contact with their clients through their reviews and feedback, quick replies to each admiring comment or criticism they achieve and client focus gatherings. The hotel then merges this contribution with other statistical input to generate a bulletin Service Performance Index that is very familiarly seen all the way through the hotel (Hotel-online.com, 2015). Mandarin Oriental encourages every hotel of their group to influence the local and the sustainable suppliers for the products and the services so that that they are able to engage the local people in their activities thus in a way they are trying to look at the satisfaction of the customers. It is so because the local people are aware of the needs and the cultural influences that the people have. Thus they are able to serve the people much better. The company employed 12,095 employees in the various hotels throughout the world. They try to employ people from diverse culture from across the world and promotes that there are equal opportunities for the people in the workplace. There are people in Mandarin Oriental who are independent of race, nationality, ethnicity and gender. This is done so as the employees feel that they are equal in the company and thus they treat their customers with equality and respect. Moreover if the employees are satisfied, they will look at the fact that that the guests are also satisfied (Linking Employee Satisfaction with Productivity, Performance, and Customer Satisfaction, 2015). The main aim of Mandarin Oriental is to look at the customer satisfaction as they keep the interest of the customers at their heart no matter what they do. Thus the employee motivation and the benefits will eventually lead to the satisfaction of the customers (McKay, 2015). There are 41% women employees among the total workforce. It is to ensure that the women feel free to interact with the hotel staff without any fear. Moreover the employees are provided state of art training so that they are able to serve the guests better. Recommendation The company should maintain and build relationships with the guests in order to provide an experience for the people which are problem free. The hotel wishes to provide the guests a personal recognition by providing a problem free experience. The company should build these personal relationships so as to tie the business together along with providing customer satisfaction (Intelligent Resort Management, 2015). The study indicated that the workers are significant to all features of processes. This commonality of critical success factors is somewhat unusual, as it could have been expected that different hotels had different success factors that were unique to their own operation. The manpower and planning of the talent plays an important role and it needs to be executed; so as to create success for the company. The people should be well trained and motivated in order to generate customer satisfaction and grab more people with their services (Seals, 2015). The hotel is planning to make a Guest History network so that the company is able to look at the history of the customers of any one of the hotel of the group. It is done so as to seek the experience of the customers even if it is the first time experience of the customers in a new hotel. This is an innovative experience foe the people as they can expect their favorite drink which they had tasted in Oriental Bangkok being served to them in Oriental Singapore. This are some of the ways that the company needs to maintain so that the customers feel satisfied and have a pleasant stay in the hotel. Moreover the hotel Mandarin uses telephonic follow up of the guests who have stayed in the company. Mandarin Oriental should make the people feel special and lat them know that their opinions are valuable for the success of the company. Moreover these opinions are assets for the company in improving their services towards the people. Mandarin Oriental believes that whatever changes that the company makes will ultimately lead to the customer satisfaction in the future. In conclusion as it is the employees that provide the superiority of the goods and services in hotels, the staffs have been acknowledged as a significant accomplishment issue across all the hotels in the main study (Szulanski, 2015). All the way through this survey the hotel also seek the consumers views on some anticipated products or services which the hotel is considering to introduce. Conclusion One thing needs to be kept in mind that unable to meet the customer satisfaction does not necessarily mean that it is customer dissatisfaction. It is essential to believe that the services to the people are the only source by which the hospitality sector will be able to generate profit and at the same time customer satisfaction. It is obvious from the study that the hotel workers are making incomplete links among significant achievement factors and performance extent even although the hotel operators do calculate some significant achievement factors such as client satisfaction and worker performance and standard other factors such as standard of service, property, and goods with their contestants. This imperfect deliberation of significant success issues is apparent to the impact on trade achievement. This may be due to the difficulty of the extent of a number of these factors; on the other hand, it is also probable to be another expression of the unsophisticated approach to routine measurement that has been recognized by this study (Mandarinoriental.com, 2015). It must be noted that the training provides the staff of the hotel self confidence to perform much better. The communication process needs to be well managed so that the staffs are able to communicate with the guests and also act according to the situation without seeking the guidance or the approval of the actions that they do (Mandarin Oriental International Limited Annual Report 2012, 2015). The staffs are trained to so that they are able to solve the problems of the customers and are able to serve them better. With the improvement in the technology and modern techniques they are able to provide the people with better services to ensure that the customers or the guests get a life time experience during their stay in the hotel. one more thing that the staffs need to ensure is that the people or the guests are followed up so that they are able to record their experience and keep them loyal to the company. References 2012 Sustainability Report. (2015). 1st ed. [ebook] mandarin oriental hotel group. Available at: https://files.mandarinoriental.com/sustainability/2012-1/files/inc/458adc1220.pdf [Accessed 22 Mar. 2015]. 2013 SUSTAINABILITY REPORT. (2015). 1st ed. [ebook] Mandarin Oriental Hotel Group. Available at: https://files.mandarinoriental.com/sustainability/2013/files/inc/fb08f4529f.pdf [Accessed 22 Mar. 2015]. Ashton, D. and Sung, J. (2015).Supporting Workplace Learning for High Performance Working. pp.40-42. Bradi, M., Kosar, L. and Kalenjuk, B. (2015).Business Guests Satisfaction in the Hotel Industry: A Case Study of North American Hotel Chains. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://dgt.pmf.uns.ac.rs/turizam/arhiva/vol_1702_2.pdf [Accessed 22 Mar. 2015]. Brotherton, B. and Wood, R. (2015).Key Themes in Hospitality Management. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www.uk.sagepub.com/upm-data/19056_5047_Brotherton_Ch01.pdf [Accessed 22 Mar. 2015]. Cribbin, J. and Kennedy, P. (2015).Lifelong Learning in Action: A Life's Work. Enz, C. (2015).Hospitality Strategic Management: Concepts and Cases. Foss, B. and Stone, M. (2015).Successful Customer Relationship Marketing: New Thinking, New Strategies .... Grigoroudis, E. and Siskos, Y. (2015). Customer Satisfaction Evaluation: Methods for Measuring and Implementing ... By. Holjevac, I., Markovi, S. and Raspor, S. (2015).Customer satisfaction measurement in hotel industry: content analysis study. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/397335.PAP039.pdf [Accessed 22 Mar. 2015]. Hospitality, Travel, and Tourism: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and ... (2015). Management Association, Information Resources. Hotel-online.com, (2015).Mandarin Oriental Hotel Group Continues Rollout of IDeaS Revenue Management Solution / Aug 2001. [online] Available at: https://www.hotel-online.com/News/PR2001_3rd/Aug01_IDeaSMandarin.html [Accessed 22 Mar. 2015]. Inc.com, (2015).7 Ways to Improve Employee Satisfaction. [online] Available at: https://www.inc.com/guides/201105/7-ways-to-improve-employee-satisfaction.html [Accessed 22 Mar. 2015]. Intelligent Resort Management. (2015). 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://buildingsolutions.honeywell.com/en-US/newsevents/resources/Publications/honeywell-hbs-integrated-resorts-brochure.pdf [Accessed 22 Mar. 2015]. Linking Employee Satisfaction with Productivity, Performance, and Customer Satisfaction. (2015). 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www.keepem.com/doc_files/clc_articl_on_productivity.pdf [Accessed 22 Mar. 2015]. Mandarin Oriental Annual Report. (2013). 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://photos.mandarinoriental.com/is/content/MandarinOriental/corporate-13arMOIL [Accessed 22 Mar. 2015]. Mandarin Oriental Hotel Group. (2015). 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www.hkma.org.hk/qa/past_winner/summary_pdf/mandarin_oriental.pdf [Accessed 22 Mar. 2015]. Mandarin Oriental International Limited Annual Report 2012. (2015). 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://photos.mandarinoriental.com/is/content/MandarinOriental/corporate-12arMOIL [Accessed 22 Mar. 2015]. Mandarinoriental.com, (2015).Our Company | Mandarin Oriental Hotel Group. [online] Available at: https://www.mandarinoriental.com/about-us/ [Accessed 22 Mar. 2015]. McKay, L. (2015). Anywhere Is Everywhere. [online] Available at: https://www.destinationcrm.com/Articles/Editorial/Magazine-Features/Anywhere-Is-Everywhere-72089.aspx [Accessed 22 Mar. 2015]. Mohg.snaphire.com, (2015).Careers | Mandarin Oriental Hotel Group. [online] Available at: https://mohg.snaphire.com/home [Accessed 22 Mar. 2015]. Seals, T. (2015). Mandarin Oriental Investigates Data Breach Incident.Infosecurity Magazine. [online] Available at: 2012 Sustainability Report. (2015). 1st ed. [ebook] mandarin oriental hotel group. Available at: https://files.mandarinoriental.com/sustainability/2012-1/files/inc/458adc1220.pdf [Accessed 22 Mar. 2015]. [Accessed 22 Mar. 2015]. SuccessFactors supports Mandarin Oriental Hotel Group global growth Strategy. (2015). 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www.successfactors.com/static/docs/Mandarin_CaseStudy_final_art_CRAIG_approved_JM_0121.pdf [Accessed 22 Mar. 2015]. Szulanski, G. (2015).Mandarin Oriental Hotel Group. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www.insead.edu/facultyresearch/faculty/documents/Mandarin_Oriental-A-w.pdf [Accessed 22 Mar. 2015].

Preschool Boys Are More Aggressive than Their Female Peers

Table of Contents Introduction Methodology Results Discussion Reference List Introduction Masculinity is one of the components composing the image of the successful male. In its turn masculinity is characterized by a specific behavioral pattern where aggression plays a significant role. There can be no surprise that researchers have started exploring the origins of aggression.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Preschool Boys Are More Aggressive than Their Female Peers specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Numerous surveys suggest that aggressive behavior is revealed in boys at a young age. Thus, many scholars have studied pre-school boys’ behavior and have come to the conclusion that at a young age boys are more aggressive than girls of the same age. However, it is possible to point out that while boys are more aggressive physically, girls may be also aggressive: girls may be characterized by relatio nal aggression. Many researchers agree that at a young age boys are more aggressive than girls of the same age (Bower, 2000; McGuire, 1973; Van de Water, 1935). However, as far as the reasons for the aggression development are concerned there is no conventional opinion. For instance, many scholars suggest that social interactions play essential role in the development of aggression. Thus, according to McGuire (1973) sociometric status influences the development of aggressive behavior suggesting that â€Å"highly aggressive† preschool boys â€Å"tend to be unpopular rather than popular† (McGuire, 1973, p.547). Bower (2000) also suggests that popularity is one of the key factors which influence aggression. However, although McGuire (1973) reported that aggressive boys were in the majority of cases unpopular, Bower (2000) found that popular boys were characterized by the aggressive behavior and tended to â€Å"sit high on the junior social ladder† (Bower, 2000, p. 52). Although Bower (2000) and McGuire (1973) reported that popularity played the significant role in forming aggressive behavior, Van de Water (1935) found that another social factor contributed to the increasing of amount of aggression. According to Van de Water, pre-school boys are more aggressive than the girls of the same age due to the opinion of the majority that â€Å"all boys fight – it’s just something they have to go through, like measles† (Van de Water, 1935, p.70). Thus, the researcher assumes that boys’ aggression is almost encouraged and girls’ aggression is suppressed. So, the researchers prove that pre-school boys are more aggressive than their female peers but all scholars have their own explanations for that tendency.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, the surveys mentioned above suggest that boys are more aggressive, but further study should be implemented. For instance, all the researches considered above explored the children’s behavior at school. It is still not clear whether the same tendency can be revealed in other environment. To explore this, the present study observed boy’s behavior in parks, playing with their peers. Since the previous research was concluded at school there was interference of adults (teachers) which solved the conflict. Thus, it can be useful to observe children’s behavior when adults do not interfere. These are major points which should be considered in the future researches analyzing pre-school boys’ aggressive behavior. Methodology According to various researches pre-school boys are more aggressive than girls of the same age. This statement is supported by data obtained in kindergartens and schools (Bower, 2000; McGuire, 1973; Van de Water, 1935). Boys behave more aggressively due to social factors: opinion of other peers (popularity) an d tradition (boys always fight). However, these surveys do not raise the question whether boys are more aggressive than girls when no supervision is done since in most cases adults used to interfere in the conflict situation. Thus, it is possible to formulate the hypothesis of the present research as follows: Boys at a young age are more aggressive than girls of the same age when no adult supervision is conducted. To check the hypothesis it is necessary to observe such variables as behavior, gender and age. Thus, the behavioral patterns of males and females of a certain age will be analyzed. To collect the necessary data, the behavior of children playing in the park will be observed. In parks children are usually strangers to each other and there are no established groups of popular and unpopular children. So, children occur in other conditions than they face at kindergarten. Moreover, it is necessary to observe children playing without adults.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Preschool Boys Are More Aggressive than Their Female Peers specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus, in conflict situations children will have to resolve the conflicts themselves. Perhaps, it will evoke more aggression or vice versa it will lead to less aggressive behavior. To conduct the research it is necessary to observe children’s behavior in a park during ten days. Thus, every day children playing in the same park will be observed during an hour. This will be enough to check the hypothesis. The children of the age of three to five years will participate in the research. Each time no more than four or six children of both sexes (2-3 boys and 2-3 girls) will be observed. This will enable to focus on particular behavioral patterns and implement deeper analysis without distracting to other factors. Total number of children is expected to be about twenty: adults often go to the same places with their chil dren, but there are still many newcomers. As far as the data collected are concerned, first of all, the number of quarrels and the numbers a fights will be noted. Of course, it is necessary to point out the participants (males of females), instigators (males or females). It can be also useful to note the course of quarrel/fight and how the conflict is solved. For analysis of the data obtained it is necessary to implement the mixed data analysis method. According to Howitt and Cramer (2008) this will make the quantitative data â€Å"extended, illustrated or explicated† (Howitt and Cramer, 2008, p.293). Thus, while calculating the amount of aggression in children qualitative methods will help find out the reasons for such behavior depict some significant details. As far as the results are concerned, it is expected that boys will be still characterized by more aggressive behavior than girls with no respect to new circumstances or the absence of adult supervision. Such data will definitely support the hypothesis. However, it is possible that when adults do not watch children behave differently: girls are not told that fighting is bad, boys are not afraid of punishment and can act more aggressively which can result in more aggressive girls’ behavior. Results Subjects. Twenty-four children were observed: among them 12 boys and 12 girls. The children were approximately of the same age, ranging from three and five years. They were observed playing in the park playground within 14 days. The amount of observational time was exceeded (it was planned to devote 10 days to observation) due to necessity to collect more data. Additionally, the children were not supervised during their games, so the interference of adults was quite insignificant. In the majority of cases children resorted to the adults’ assistance after a conflict had taken place. Moreover, many conflicts were solved without interference of adults: children often switched over to other act ivities or were attracted by other objects.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Assessment. The present research is conducted using mixed data analysis method which enables to have more comprehensive understanding. A modified version of an observational technique used in McGuire’s (1973) survey was exploited in the present research to obtain the necessary data. First of all, a checklist assessing the amount of aggression was filled in. The following points were noted in the checklist: Non-Compliance: indifference to other children, unwillingness to share toys or start communicating / playing with others. Interference: teasing others, snatching and/or damaging toys of other children, interfering with activities of other children. Attack: humiliating, controlling actions of others (ordering to do something), revealing open aggression verbally or physically, pushing and fighting. Comments: the reason for the conflict, instigators (male or female), participants (male-male, female-male or female-female). The quantitative data were then calculated and analyzed . These results are illustrated in Figure 1. Figure 1. The assessment of aggression in terms of the following factors: non-compliance, interference, attack. Thus, it is possible to point out that boys are more aggressive than girls since the rate of girls’ attacks and interference is significantly lower than that of boys’. Five boys (approximately 42%) revealed physical aggression (had fights or pushed others) and only two girls (approximately 17%) pushed other children. As far as interference is concerned it is necessary to point out that girls are characterized by verbal aggression (teasing) and boys are characterized by snatching and damaging toys of other children. Interestingly, the number of girls does not differ greatly from the number of boys observed in terms of interference (33% of girls and 50%boys). Surprisingly, girls were more non-compliant as compared to boys. Thus, four girls (33%) were rather ignorant: they did not want to start playing with others an d they did not share their toys, whereas, only three boys (25%) were non-compliant. When taking into account all three factors (non-compliance, interference and attack) it is possible to conclude that 28% of girls 39% of boys revealed aggressive behavioral patterns. As far as the qualitative data are concerned it is necessary to point out that the main reasons for aggressive behavior were toys and the place on the playground. The instigators of physical conflicts were boys: four boys initiated physical conflicts and among females only one girl was an instigator of a conflict. It is also important to denote that only few intersexual physical conflicts (one fight started by a boy and several cases of pushing) were observed. In the majority of cases boys revealed aggression towards boys, and girls were aggressive with girls. However, as far as teasing was concerned it is necessary to note that all three types of patterns (male-male, male-female, female-female) were observed. Discussion The present study has provided evidence that pre-school boys are more aggressive than girls of the same age. Pre-school children playing in the park were observed. The children’s behavior was analyzed in terms of their interactions (compliance or non-compliance) and aggressive behavior (interference and attacks). The research has shown that the males revealed physical aggression (snatch toys, push, and fight) more often, whereas the females often resorted to verbal aggression (tease). Notably, the girls were more non-compliant than the boys; many girls did not want to participate in activities with other children or did not want to accept new participants into ongoing activities. It is worth mentioning that the major reasons for aggressive behavior in the children were toys or the place on the playground. Since only a few cases of intersexual conflicts were observed, the present study cannot address those classes of aggression. Prior research has demonstrated that boys were more aggressive than girls which was observed in kindergartens (Bower, 2000; McGuire, 1973; Van de Water, 1935), and the present study advances the field by showing that the same tendency is maintained when little adult supervision is conducted (in the park). This finding is important since it suggests that preschoolers act in the same way without adult supervision and outside established social groups. There are no certain popular or unpopular children, in the majority of cases children are strangers to each others). The present research enables to assume that such social factors as popularity and edification (children are taught that they should not fight) play an important role in the development of aggressive behavior. In the first place many children (mainly boys) tried to gain certain popularity occupying particular places on the playground and deciding who can and who cannot play in the activities started by them. Such situation often led to conflicts. Secondly, even though t here was no explicit adult control over children observed, presumably they are told (as any other children) what is good and what is wrong. Of course, children try to conduct in the â€Å"right† way since they were told so. Thus, even at such a young age children’ behavior is influenced by some edification which is revealed on the playground. The present research also showed that morality influences children’s behavior since, in the majority of cases, boys used to avoid conflicts with girls and physical conflicts were rather rare. This can be a proof that adults teach their children basic principles of morality and children use this knowledge with or without adult supervision. Although the present study extends our understanding of the development of aggressive behavior in preschool children, it is limited by several factors. First of all, the number of the children observed is small. Distortion of results is possible. Secondly, only one park was observed. Howev er, it could be useful to observe children playing in parks located in different parts of the city, so behavior of children pertaining to different social groups can be analyzed. There are a number of directions for future research. Thus, it is possible to focus on the reasons for the development of aggressive behavior in children. The future research can be based on the same observation in parks, but interviewing of parents and children should be also conducted. In this case we will know what reasons for aggression can children and their parents provide. This survey will reveal not only social factors influences the peculiarities of behavior but some personal, psychological factors. Interviewing will help to understand whether aggression is normal for each child, and what the reasons for aggression are. In summary, it is possible to state that preschool boys are more aggressive than girls of the same age which can be observed not only when adult supervision is conducted but when ch ildren occur in some informal situations as well. Thus, the further step in the field is to define the reasons for the development of aggression. This knowledge will enable people to prevent further development of aggressive behavior in children. Reference List Bower, B. (2000, January 22). Boys Show Their Tough Side. Science News, 157(4), 52. Hawley, P.H. (2003, April 15). Strategies of Control, Aggression, and Morality in Preschoolers: An Evolutionary Perspective. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 85, 213–235. Howitt, D., Cramer, D. (2008). Introduction to Research Methods in Psychology. Harlow, Essex: Pearson Education. McGuire, J.M. (1973, December). Aggression and Sociometric Status with Preschool Children. Sociometry, 36(4), 542-549. Van de Water, M. (1935, February 2). Girls Fight, Too. The Science News-Letter, 27(721), 70-71. This research paper on Preschool Boys Are More Aggressive than Their Female Peers was written and submitted by user Black Widow/Natasha Romanoff to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.